diff --git a/src/app/forms.rs b/src/app/forms.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fde36b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/app/forms.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+use crate::base::robots;
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct GetRobot {
+    #[serde(skip_deserializing)]
+    pub id: Option<i64>,
+    pub name: String,
+}
+
+impl std::convert::From<robots::Robot> for GetRobot {
+    fn from(r: robots::Robot) -> GetRobot {
+        GetRobot {
+            id: Some(r.id),
+            name: r.name,
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/app/mod.rs b/src/app/mod.rs
index ee09d7f..a208e4d 100644
--- a/src/app/mod.rs
+++ b/src/app/mod.rs
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
+pub mod forms;
 pub mod robots;
diff --git a/src/app/robots.rs b/src/app/robots.rs
index e730168..35a8cec 100644
--- a/src/app/robots.rs
+++ b/src/app/robots.rs
@@ -1,39 +1,12 @@
-use crate::base::robots::DefaultRepository;
-
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-
 use crate::simple::database::PgSharedPool;
+use std::convert::TryInto;
 
+use crate::app::forms::GetRobot;
 use crate::base::robots;
 use crate::data::robots::postgres;
 
 use crate::simple::HandlingError;
 
-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
-pub struct GetRobot {
-    #[serde(skip_deserializing)]
-    pub id: Option<i64>,
-    pub name: String,
-}
-
-impl std::convert::From<robots::Robot> for GetRobot {
-    fn from(r: robots::Robot) -> GetRobot {
-        GetRobot {
-            id: Some(r.id),
-            name: r.name,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl std::convert::Into<robots::Robot> for (i64, GetRobot) {
-    fn into(self) -> robots::Robot {
-        robots::Robot {
-            id: self.0,
-            name: self.1.name,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 pub async fn add_robot(pool: PgSharedPool, r: GetRobot) -> Result<GetRobot, HandlingError> {
     let mut tx = pool
         .begin()
@@ -41,16 +14,9 @@ pub async fn add_robot(pool: PgSharedPool, r: GetRobot) -> Result<GetRobot, Hand
         .map(|c| Box::new(c))
         .map_err(|e| HandlingError::DBError(e))?;
 
-    let mut repo = postgres::new(&mut tx);
-    let id = robots::add(
-        &mut repo,
-        robots::Robot {
-            id: 0,
-            name: r.name,
-        },
-    )
-    .await?;
-    let robot = repo.get_by_id(id).await?;
+    let model = robots::Robot::new(0, r.name).try_into()?;
+    let id = postgres::add(tx.as_mut(), model).await?;
+    let robot = postgres::get_by_id(tx.as_mut(), id).await?;
 
     tx.commit().await.map_err(|e| HandlingError::DBError(e))?;
 
@@ -59,13 +25,11 @@ pub async fn add_robot(pool: PgSharedPool, r: GetRobot) -> Result<GetRobot, Hand
 
 pub async fn get_robot(pool: PgSharedPool, id: i64) -> Result<GetRobot, HandlingError> {
     let mut tx = pool
-        .acquire()
+        .begin()
         .await
         .map(|c| Box::new(c))
         .map_err(|e| HandlingError::DBError(e))?;
-
-    let mut repo = postgres::new(&mut tx);
-    Ok(repo.get_by_id(id).await?.into())
+    Ok(postgres::get_by_id(tx.as_mut(), id).await?.into())
 }
 
 pub async fn get_all(
@@ -98,9 +62,9 @@ pub async fn update_robot(
         .map(|c| Box::new(c))
         .map_err(|e| HandlingError::DBError(e))?;
 
-    let mut repo = postgres::new(&mut tx);
-    let _: () = robots::update(&mut repo, (id, r).into()).await?;
-    let robot = repo.get_by_id(id).await?;
+    let model = robots::Robot::new(id, r.name).try_into()?;
+    postgres::update(tx.as_mut(), model).await?;
+    let robot = postgres::get_by_id(tx.as_mut(), id).await?;
 
     tx.commit().await.map_err(|e| HandlingError::DBError(e))?;
 
@@ -114,9 +78,7 @@ pub async fn delete_robot(pool: PgSharedPool, id: i64) -> Result<(), HandlingErr
         .map(|c| Box::new(c))
         .map_err(|e| HandlingError::DBError(e))?;
 
-    let mut repo = postgres::new(&mut tx);
-    let _: () = robots::delete(&mut repo, id).await?;
-
+    postgres::delete(tx.as_mut(), id).await?;
     tx.commit().await.map_err(|e| HandlingError::DBError(e))?;
 
     Ok(())
diff --git a/src/base/robots.rs b/src/base/robots.rs
index bba534d..a9000d5 100644
--- a/src/base/robots.rs
+++ b/src/base/robots.rs
@@ -1,35 +1,29 @@
 use crate::simple::HandlingError;
-use crate::simple::TraitFuture;
+use std::convert::TryFrom;
 
 pub struct Robot {
     pub id: i64,
     pub name: String,
 }
 
-pub trait DefaultRepository<'c> {
-    fn add(&'c mut self, r: Robot) -> TraitFuture<Result<i64, HandlingError>>;
-    fn get_by_id(&'c mut self, id: i64) -> TraitFuture<Result<Robot, HandlingError>>;
-    fn update(&'c mut self, r: Robot) -> TraitFuture<Result<(), HandlingError>>;
-    fn delete(&'c mut self, id: i64) -> TraitFuture<Result<(), HandlingError>>;
+impl Robot {
+    pub fn new(id: i64, name: String) -> Self {
+        Self { id: id, name: name }
+    }
 }
 
-pub async fn add<'c>(
-    repo: &'c mut impl DefaultRepository<'c>,
-    r: Robot,
-) -> Result<i64, HandlingError> {
-    repo.add(r).await
-}
+pub struct RobotModel(Robot);
+
+impl TryFrom<Robot> for RobotModel {
+    type Error = HandlingError;
 
-pub async fn update<'c>(
-    repo: &'c mut impl DefaultRepository<'c>,
-    r: Robot,
-) -> Result<(), HandlingError> {
-    repo.update(r).await
+    fn try_from(r: Robot) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(Self(r))
+    }
 }
 
-pub async fn delete<'c>(
-    repo: &'c mut impl DefaultRepository<'c>,
-    id: i64,
-) -> Result<(), HandlingError> {
-    repo.delete(id).await
+impl Into<Robot> for RobotModel {
+    fn into(self) -> Robot {
+        self.0
+    }
 }
diff --git a/src/data/robots/postgres.rs b/src/data/robots/postgres.rs
index 6403128..ab56e12 100644
--- a/src/data/robots/postgres.rs
+++ b/src/data/robots/postgres.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-use crate::simple::TraitFuture;
-
 use std::boxed::Box;
 
 use crate::base::robots;
@@ -79,18 +77,11 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-pub struct RobotsImpl<'a, E> {
-    pub tx: &'a mut Box<E>,
-}
-
-pub fn new<'a, E>(tx: &'a mut Box<E>) -> RobotsImpl<'a, E> {
-    RobotsImpl::<'a, E> { tx: tx }
-}
-
-async fn add(
+pub async fn add(
     tx: impl sqlx::Executor<'_, Database = sqlx::Postgres>,
-    r: robots::Robot,
+    m: robots::RobotModel,
 ) -> Result<i64, HandlingError> {
+    let r: robots::Robot = m.into();
     let result = sqlx::query("INSERT INTO robots (name) VALUES ($1::TEXT) RETURNING id")
         .bind(r.name)
         .fetch_one(tx)
@@ -123,10 +114,11 @@ pub async fn get_by_id(
     }
 }
 
-async fn update(
+pub async fn update(
     tx: impl sqlx::Executor<'_, Database = sqlx::Postgres>,
-    r: robots::Robot,
+    m: robots::RobotModel,
 ) -> Result<(), HandlingError> {
+    let r: robots::Robot = m.into();
     let result = sqlx::query("UPDATE robots SET name = $1::TEXT WHERE id = $2::INTEGER")
         .bind(r.name)
         .bind(r.id)
@@ -143,7 +135,7 @@ async fn update(
     }
 }
 
-async fn delete(
+pub async fn delete(
     tx: impl sqlx::Executor<'_, Database = sqlx::Postgres>,
     id: i64,
 ) -> Result<(), HandlingError> {
@@ -160,24 +152,3 @@ async fn delete(
         Err(e) => Err(HandlingError::DBError(e)),
     }
 }
-
-impl<'a, 'c, E> robots::DefaultRepository<'c> for RobotsImpl<'a, E>
-where
-    &'c mut E: sqlx::Executor<'c, Database = sqlx::Postgres> + 'c,
-{
-    fn add(&'c mut self, r: robots::Robot) -> TraitFuture<Result<i64, HandlingError>> {
-        Box::pin(add(self.tx.as_mut(), r))
-    }
-
-    fn get_by_id(&'c mut self, id: i64) -> TraitFuture<Result<robots::Robot, HandlingError>> {
-        Box::pin(get_by_id(self.tx.as_mut(), id))
-    }
-
-    fn update(&'c mut self, r: robots::Robot) -> TraitFuture<Result<(), HandlingError>> {
-        Box::pin(update(self.tx.as_mut(), r))
-    }
-
-    fn delete(&'c mut self, id: i64) -> TraitFuture<Result<(), HandlingError>> {
-        Box::pin(delete(self.tx.as_mut(), id))
-    }
-}
diff --git a/src/http/robots.rs b/src/http/robots.rs
index dd15acb..54cb544 100644
--- a/src/http/robots.rs
+++ b/src/http/robots.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ struct Pagination<T> {
 }
 
 // add a new robot entry
-async fn create(pool: PgSharedPool, r: app::robots::GetRobot) -> Result<impl Reply, Rejection> {
+async fn create(pool: PgSharedPool, r: app::forms::GetRobot) -> Result<impl Reply, Rejection> {
     reply_json(app::robots::add_robot(pool, r).await)
 }
 
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ async fn get(pool: PgSharedPool, id: i64) -> Result<impl Reply, Rejection> {
 async fn update(
     pool: PgSharedPool,
     id: i64,
-    r: app::robots::GetRobot,
+    r: app::forms::GetRobot,
 ) -> Result<impl Reply, Rejection> {
     reply_json(app::robots::update_robot(pool, id, r).await)
 }
diff --git a/src/simple/mod.rs b/src/simple/mod.rs
index 0819bf6..dfc7f6f 100644
--- a/src/simple/mod.rs
+++ b/src/simple/mod.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,6 @@
-use std::future::Future;
-use std::pin::Pin;
-
 pub mod database;
 pub mod http;
 
-pub type TraitFuture<'f, T> = Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = T> + Send + 'f>>;
-
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub enum HandlingError {
     DBError(sqlx::Error),